Croatian grammar reference section/VERBS 004
Conjugation types
Prelude
Let’s for now just confine ourselves to verbs whose infinitive ends with the suffix -ati. As you are aware, the suffix changes, depending upon the “person” (1S, 2S, 3S, 1P, 2P, or 3P). This is referred to as conjugation. For example, the first person of the verb čekati is (ja) čekam. This can be described as an -ati → -am type of conjugation. There are many verbs that are conjugated in this way.
So, the those of us who are learning Croatian might expect that 1P of the verb držati is (ja) držam. But no! It is (ja) držim. An -ati → -im type verb.
What about kašljati (to cough)? Ja kašljem! One of the verbs of -ati → -em type conjugation.
And then there is prestati. Ja prestanem. One of the verbs of -ati → -nem type conjugation.
Kretati: Ja krečem. Brati: Ja berem.
And these are just some of the varieties of conjugation of -ati verbs.
Furthermore, there are different conjugation types of verbs with suffix -vati (davati conjugates differently from plivati, and differently again from kupovati).
Ditto for -iti verbs (raditi and piti conjugate differently), -ći verbs (ići, doći, peći, pomoći), -eti verbs (poćeti, uzeti), -sti (jesti, sjesti), -uti verbs (čuti, dignuti)
So, all in all, there are very many different ways that the suffixes of verbs change. And we can’t communicate adequately unless we automatically use these verbs in the correct way. How do we achieve that? By usage and familiarity. There is no other way.
I have listed below lists of verbs (as infinitives) of each conjugation type. This might help to give you some familiarity (Which verbs conjugate in which way?), and at least will show you the range of different conjugation types. It might look foreboding, but don’t let this put you off: to give up would be analogous to opening a dictionary and saying ‘Ugh! Too many words to learn. I won’t even try’. Korak po korak.
Let’s for now just confine ourselves to verbs whose infinitive ends with the suffix -ati. As you are aware, the suffix changes, depending upon the “person” (1S, 2S, 3S, 1P, 2P, or 3P). This is referred to as conjugation. For example, the first person of the verb čekati is (ja) čekam. This can be described as an -ati → -am type of conjugation. There are many verbs that are conjugated in this way.
So, the those of us who are learning Croatian might expect that 1P of the verb držati is (ja) držam. But no! It is (ja) držim. An -ati → -im type verb.
What about kašljati (to cough)? Ja kašljem! One of the verbs of -ati → -em type conjugation.
And then there is prestati. Ja prestanem. One of the verbs of -ati → -nem type conjugation.
Kretati: Ja krečem. Brati: Ja berem.
And these are just some of the varieties of conjugation of -ati verbs.
Furthermore, there are different conjugation types of verbs with suffix -vati (davati conjugates differently from plivati, and differently again from kupovati).
Ditto for -iti verbs (raditi and piti conjugate differently), -ći verbs (ići, doći, peći, pomoći), -eti verbs (poćeti, uzeti), -sti (jesti, sjesti), -uti verbs (čuti, dignuti)
So, all in all, there are very many different ways that the suffixes of verbs change. And we can’t communicate adequately unless we automatically use these verbs in the correct way. How do we achieve that? By usage and familiarity. There is no other way.
I have listed below lists of verbs (as infinitives) of each conjugation type. This might help to give you some familiarity (Which verbs conjugate in which way?), and at least will show you the range of different conjugation types. It might look foreboding, but don’t let this put you off: to give up would be analogous to opening a dictionary and saying ‘Ugh! Too many words to learn. I won’t even try’. Korak po korak.
Addenda:
So, here we go ………
- Each list is a small sample of its type. There are 1 837 721 verbs not included in any of these lists. I may occasionally add to the lists.
- Some continuous/finished pairs conjugate in the same way. For example, čitati and pročitati are both -ati → -am type (ja čitam, ja pročitam). On the other hand, kupovati and kupiti conjugate differently: kupovati is -ovati → ujem type (ja kupujem), while kupiti is -iti → -im type (ja kupim). So you will find these listed in different lists below – as is the case for many other imperfective-perfective pairs.
- For many verbs, there are derived verbs (with different prefixes) that conjugate in the same way – but are not listed. So, for example, izgovoriti, progovoriti, dogovoriti se, odgovoriti, nagovoriti, ugovoriti, and prigovoriti all conjugate in the same was as govoriti.
So, here we go ………
Conjugation categories of Croatian verbs
grouped according to the suffix of the infinitives.
grouped according to the suffix of the infinitives.
1. Biti and Htjeti
These two verbs are important in their own right, and as auxiliary verbs in the formation of past and present tenses of all other verbs. They deserve a group on their own.
Biti
Present: (singular): sam, si, je (plural) smo, ste, su.
Past: (singular): bio, bila, bilo (plural) bili, bile, bila
Htjeti
Present: (singular): hoću, hoćeš, hoće (plural) hoćemo, hoćete, hoće.
or, in short form: (singular): ću, ćeš, će (plural) ćemo, ćete, će.
Past: (singular): htio, htjela, htjelo (plural) htjeli, htjele, htjela
These two verbs are important in their own right, and as auxiliary verbs in the formation of past and present tenses of all other verbs. They deserve a group on their own.
Biti
Present: (singular): sam, si, je (plural) smo, ste, su.
Past: (singular): bio, bila, bilo (plural) bili, bile, bila
Htjeti
Present: (singular): hoću, hoćeš, hoće (plural) hoćemo, hoćete, hoće.
or, in short form: (singular): ću, ćeš, će (plural) ćemo, ćete, će.
Past: (singular): htio, htjela, htjelo (plural) htjeli, htjele, htjela
2. Infinitives with suffix -ATI
2(a) -ati → -am type
Exemplar: gledati Present: gledam, gledaš, gleda, gledamo, gledate, gledaju.
Past: gledao, gledala, gledalo, gledali, gledale, gledala.
Some -ati verbs that conjugate in the same way include the following:
bacati, čekati, češljati, čitati, dati, dodati, događati se, gledati, ispričavati se, ispričati (se), kuhati, plaćati, padati, pjevati, prodati, rješavati, slušati, sviđati se, razmišljati, sjećati se, skuhati, spavati, stavljati, svirati, šetati (se), ubijati, udati se, uništavati, , uspijevati, uzimati, vraćati (se), zaboravljati, zaustavljati, završavati, zatvarati
Note: A case could be made that the verbs that I have assigned to group 3(b) below (-ivati → -ivam, such as dobivati, plivati, and umivati se) could be included here,
Exemplar: gledati Present: gledam, gledaš, gleda, gledamo, gledate, gledaju.
Past: gledao, gledala, gledalo, gledali, gledale, gledala.
Some -ati verbs that conjugate in the same way include the following:
bacati, čekati, češljati, čitati, dati, dodati, događati se, gledati, ispričavati se, ispričati (se), kuhati, plaćati, padati, pjevati, prodati, rješavati, slušati, sviđati se, razmišljati, sjećati se, skuhati, spavati, stavljati, svirati, šetati (se), ubijati, udati se, uništavati, , uspijevati, uzimati, vraćati (se), zaboravljati, zaustavljati, završavati, zatvarati
Note: A case could be made that the verbs that I have assigned to group 3(b) below (-ivati → -ivam, such as dobivati, plivati, and umivati se) could be included here,
2(b) -ati → -im type
Exemplar: držati Present: držim, držiš, drži, držimo. držiti, drže.
Past: držao, držala, držalo, držali, držale, držala.*
Some verbs that conjugate in this way:
bojati se, bježati, čučati, drhtati, držati (se), klečati, ležati, pljuštati, stati/stajati, trčati, zviždati
*So you have noticed ….. In the present tense, držati does not conjugate like čekati does (držim, compared with čekam). But in the past tense, they conjugate similarly (držao, čekao)! The same goes for all of the other verbs in this group. Tako je život!
Exemplar: držati Present: držim, držiš, drži, držimo. držiti, drže.
Past: držao, držala, držalo, držali, držale, držala.*
Some verbs that conjugate in this way:
bojati se, bježati, čučati, drhtati, držati (se), klečati, ležati, pljuštati, stati/stajati, trčati, zviždati
*So you have noticed ….. In the present tense, držati does not conjugate like čekati does (držim, compared with čekam). But in the past tense, they conjugate similarly (držao, čekao)! The same goes for all of the other verbs in this group. Tako je život!
2(c) -ati → -em type
Exemplar: ustajati Present: ustajem, ustaješ, ustaje, ustajemo, ustajete, ustaju.
Past: ustajo, ustajala, ustajalo, ustajali, ustajale, ustajala.
Some -ati verbs that conjugate in this way:
brijati se, derati se, grijati, kajati se, kašljati, lajati, naginjati (se), nasmijati (se), nastajati, nestajati, ostajati, opominjati, penjati se, počinjati, postajati, prestajati, pristajati, smijati se, spominjati, umirati, trajati, ustajati, žderati ...
Exemplar: ustajati Present: ustajem, ustaješ, ustaje, ustajemo, ustajete, ustaju.
Past: ustajo, ustajala, ustajalo, ustajali, ustajale, ustajala.
Some -ati verbs that conjugate in this way:
brijati se, derati se, grijati, kajati se, kašljati, lajati, naginjati (se), nasmijati (se), nastajati, nestajati, ostajati, opominjati, penjati se, počinjati, postajati, prestajati, pristajati, smijati se, spominjati, umirati, trajati, ustajati, žderati ...
2(d) -ati → -em with STEM CHANGE
Some verbs of -ati → -em type have had an identity crisis and change the stem (as well as the suffix). There are three (sub)categories of these:
(i) Exemplar: brati Present: berem, bereš, bere, beremo, berete, beru.
Past: brao, brala, bralo, brali, brale, brala.
Some verbs that behave correspondingly:
brati, prati (se) (→ perem (se), …)
Verbs that are derivatives of these conjugate similarly: izabrati, nabrati, oprati.
Some verbs of -ati → -em type have had an identity crisis and change the stem (as well as the suffix). There are three (sub)categories of these:
(i) Exemplar: brati Present: berem, bereš, bere, beremo, berete, beru.
Past: brao, brala, bralo, brali, brale, brala.
Some verbs that behave correspondingly:
brati, prati (se) (→ perem (se), …)
Verbs that are derivatives of these conjugate similarly: izabrati, nabrati, oprati.
(ii) Exemplar: zvati (se) Present: zovem, zoveš, zove, zovemo, zovete, zovu.
Past: zvao, zvala, zvalo, zvali, zvale, zvala.
Other verbs that change stem in the same way are derived verbs with a suffix before zvati:
dozvati, izazvati, nazvati, odazvati, pozvati, prizvati, prozvati, sazvati, zazvati
Past: zvao, zvala, zvalo, zvali, zvale, zvala.
Other verbs that change stem in the same way are derived verbs with a suffix before zvati:
dozvati, izazvati, nazvati, odazvati, pozvati, prizvati, prozvati, sazvati, zazvati
(iii) Exemplar: slati Present: šaljem, šalješ, šalje, šaljemo, šaljete, šalju.
Past: slao, slala, slalo, slali, slale, slala.
Verbs derived from slati conjugate in the same way. These include:
poslati and razaslati
Past: slao, slala, slalo, slali, slale, slala.
Verbs derived from slati conjugate in the same way. These include:
poslati and razaslati
2(e) -ati → anem type
Exemplar: stati Present: stanem, staneš, stane, stanemo, stanete, stanu.
Past: stao, stala, stalo, stali, stale, stala.
All of the following are -ati → -anem conjugation types:
nastati, nestati, ostati, postati, pristati, prestati, stati, ustati, …..
Exemplar: stati Present: stanem, staneš, stane, stanemo, stanete, stanu.
Past: stao, stala, stalo, stali, stale, stala.
All of the following are -ati → -anem conjugation types:
nastati, nestati, ostati, postati, pristati, prestati, stati, ustati, …..
2(f) -ati → -jem with a change due to jotacija (iotation)
for -ati verbs ending with -cati, -gati, -hati, -kati, -sati, -tati, -zati
Here is a link to an explanation of jotacija. In a nutshell, in the Croatian language, if the letters k and j come together (kj) they are both replaced by č (kj → č). Here is a list of instances of jotacija:
cj → ć, dj → đ, gj → ž, hj → š, kj → č, sj → š, tj → ć, zj → ž.
So what? Well, the verb skakati (for example) is one of the -ati → -jem conjugation type. So the first-person singular form of the verb might be expected to be skakjem. But this (non)word has kj, which is replaced by č - so the first-person singular form of the verb becomes skačem.
I hope that is enough to make sense of the following conjugation sub-types of -ati → -jem
for -ati verbs ending with -cati, -gati, -hati, -kati, -sati, -tati, -zati
Here is a link to an explanation of jotacija. In a nutshell, in the Croatian language, if the letters k and j come together (kj) they are both replaced by č (kj → č). Here is a list of instances of jotacija:
cj → ć, dj → đ, gj → ž, hj → š, kj → č, sj → š, tj → ć, zj → ž.
So what? Well, the verb skakati (for example) is one of the -ati → -jem conjugation type. So the first-person singular form of the verb might be expected to be skakjem. But this (non)word has kj, which is replaced by č - so the first-person singular form of the verb becomes skačem.
I hope that is enough to make sense of the following conjugation sub-types of -ati → -jem
2(f)(i) -cati → (-cjem) → -čem
Exemplar: micati Present: mičem, mičeš, miče, mičemo, mičete, miču.
Past: micao, micala, micalo, micali, micale, micala.
Verbs that conjugate like this include:
micati, micati se, pomicati (se), stjedati.
Exemplar: micati Present: mičem, mičeš, miče, mičemo, mičete, miču.
Past: micao, micala, micalo, micali, micale, micala.
Verbs that conjugate like this include:
micati, micati se, pomicati (se), stjedati.
2(f)(ii) -gati → (-gjem) → -žem
Exemplar: slagati Present: slažem, slažeš, slaže, slažemo, slažete, slažu.
Past: slagao, slagala, slagalo, slagali, slagale, slagala.
Verbs that conjugate like this include:
polagati, pomagati, lagati, slagati, slagati se, ...
Exemplar: slagati Present: slažem, slažeš, slaže, slažemo, slažete, slažu.
Past: slagao, slagala, slagalo, slagali, slagale, slagala.
Verbs that conjugate like this include:
polagati, pomagati, lagati, slagati, slagati se, ...
2(f)(iii) -hati → (-hjem) → -šem
Exemplar: mahati Present: mašem, mašeš, maše, mašemo, mašete, mašu.
Past: mahao, mahala, mahalo, mahali, mahale, mahala.
Verbs that conjugate like this include:
jahati, kihati, mahati, puhati, ...
Exemplar: mahati Present: mašem, mašeš, maše, mašemo, mašete, mašu.
Past: mahao, mahala, mahalo, mahali, mahale, mahala.
Verbs that conjugate like this include:
jahati, kihati, mahati, puhati, ...
2(f)(iv) -kati → (-kjem) → -čem
Exemplar: skakati Present: skačem, skačeš, skače, skačemo, skačete, skaču.
Past: skakao, skakala, skakalo, skakali, skakale, skakala.
Verbs that conjugate like this include:
plakati, skakati, stiskati, vikati, zaplakati,
Exemplar: skakati Present: skačem, skačeš, skače, skačemo, skačete, skaču.
Past: skakao, skakala, skakalo, skakali, skakale, skakala.
Verbs that conjugate like this include:
plakati, skakati, stiskati, vikati, zaplakati,
2(f)(v) -sati → (-sjem) → -šem
Exemplar: pisati Present: pišem, pišeš, piše, pišemo, pišete, pišu.
Past: pisao, pisala, pisalo, pisali, pisale, pisala.
Verbs that conjugate like this include:
brisati (se), pisati, plesati, .... and derivative verbs
Exemplar: pisati Present: pišem, pišeš, piše, pišemo, pišete, pišu.
Past: pisao, pisala, pisalo, pisali, pisale, pisala.
Verbs that conjugate like this include:
brisati (se), pisati, plesati, .... and derivative verbs
2(f)(vi) -tati → (-tjem) → -ćem
Exemplar: kretati Present: krećem, krećeš, kreće, krećemo, krećete, kreću.
Past: kretao, kretala, kretalo, kretali, kretale, kretala.
Verbs that conjugate like this include:
kretati (se), okretati (se), osvrtati se, sretati, šetati (se), umetati, and derivative verbs
Exemplar: kretati Present: krećem, krećeš, kreće, krećemo, krećete, kreću.
Past: kretao, kretala, kretalo, kretali, kretale, kretala.
Verbs that conjugate like this include:
kretati (se), okretati (se), osvrtati se, sretati, šetati (se), umetati, and derivative verbs
2(f)(vii) -zati → (-zjem) → -žem
Exemplar: dizati Present: dižem, dižeš, diže, dižemo, dižete, dižu.
Past: dizao, dizala, dizalo, dizali, dizale, dizala.
Verbs that conjugate like this include:
dizati, kazati, lizati, mazati, rezati, pokazati, puzati, rezati, odrezati, stezati, stizati, vezati,..
and derivative verbs
Exemplar: dizati Present: dižem, dižeš, diže, dižemo, dižete, dižu.
Past: dizao, dizala, dizalo, dizali, dizale, dizala.
Verbs that conjugate like this include:
dizati, kazati, lizati, mazati, rezati, pokazati, puzati, rezati, odrezati, stezati, stizati, vezati,..
and derivative verbs
3 Infinitives with suffix -AVATI, -IVATI, -OVATI, -EVATI, -UVATI
3(a) -avati → -ajem
Exemplar: davati Present: dajem, daješ, daje, dajemo, dajete, daju.
Past: dao, dala, dalo, dali, dale, dala.
Verbs that conjugate like this include:
davati, pljuvati, poznavati (se), prodavati, udavati (se), zadavati, … and derivative verbs
Exemplar: davati Present: dajem, daješ, daje, dajemo, dajete, daju.
Past: dao, dala, dalo, dali, dale, dala.
Verbs that conjugate like this include:
davati, pljuvati, poznavati (se), prodavati, udavati (se), zadavati, … and derivative verbs
3(b) -ivati → -ivam Equivalent to 002 (a): -ati → -am
Exemplar: pozivati Present: pozivam, pozivaš, poziva, pozivamo, pozivate, pozivaju
Past: pozivao, pozivala, pozivalo, pozivali, pozivale, pozivala
Verbs that conjugate like this include:
dobivati, umivati se, otkrivati, skrivati (se), darivati, pokrivati (se), plivati, pozivati, prezivati se, zbivati se, ...
as well as derived verbs
Exemplar: pozivati Present: pozivam, pozivaš, poziva, pozivamo, pozivate, pozivaju
Past: pozivao, pozivala, pozivalo, pozivali, pozivale, pozivala
Verbs that conjugate like this include:
dobivati, umivati se, otkrivati, skrivati (se), darivati, pokrivati (se), plivati, pozivati, prezivati se, zbivati se, ...
as well as derived verbs
3(c) -ivati → -ujem
Exemplar: pokazivati Present: pokazujem, pokazuješ, pokazuje, pokazujemo, pokazujete, pokazuju
Past: pokazivao, pokazivala, pokazivalo, pokazivali, pokazivale, pozivala
All of these verbs conjugate similarly:
dosađivati (se), istraživati, naplaćivati, naređivati, odlučivati, okruživati, osuđivati, pokazivati, posjećivati,
primjećivati, učvršćivati, uključivati, upisivati, upućivati, zahvaljivati (se), zasluživati, …. and derived verbs.
Exemplar: pokazivati Present: pokazujem, pokazuješ, pokazuje, pokazujemo, pokazujete, pokazuju
Past: pokazivao, pokazivala, pokazivalo, pokazivali, pokazivale, pozivala
All of these verbs conjugate similarly:
dosađivati (se), istraživati, naplaćivati, naređivati, odlučivati, okruživati, osuđivati, pokazivati, posjećivati,
primjećivati, učvršćivati, uključivati, upisivati, upućivati, zahvaljivati (se), zasluživati, …. and derived verbs.
3(d) -ovati → -ujem
Exemplar: kupovati Present: kupujem, kupuješ, kupuje, kupujemo, kupujete, kupuju
Past: kupovao, kupovala, kupovalo, kupovali, kupovale, kupovala
All of these verbs conjugate similarly:
doručkovati, kupovati, ludovati, napredovati, obradovati se, osnovati, otputovati, otrovati, povjerovati,
putovati, radovati se, vjerovati,... and derived verbs
Exemplar: kupovati Present: kupujem, kupuješ, kupuje, kupujemo, kupujete, kupuju
Past: kupovao, kupovala, kupovalo, kupovali, kupovale, kupovala
All of these verbs conjugate similarly:
doručkovati, kupovati, ludovati, napredovati, obradovati se, osnovati, otputovati, otrovati, povjerovati,
putovati, radovati se, vjerovati,... and derived verbs
3(e) -evati → -ujem
Exemplar: prijateljevati Present: prijateljujem, prijateljuješ, prijateljuje, prijateljujemo, prijateljujete, prijateljuju
Past: prijateljevao, prijateljevala, prijateljevalo, prijateljevali, prijateljevale, prijateljevala
I presume that there are other verbs that conjugate similarly, but I don’t know them.
Exemplar: prijateljevati Present: prijateljujem, prijateljuješ, prijateljuje, prijateljujemo, prijateljujete, prijateljuju
Past: prijateljevao, prijateljevala, prijateljevalo, prijateljevali, prijateljevale, prijateljevala
I presume that there are other verbs that conjugate similarly, but I don’t know them.
4 Infinitive ending -ITI
4(a) -iti → -im
Exemplar: raditi Present: radim, radiš, radi, radimo, radite, rade
Past: radio, radila, radilo, radili, radile, radila
All of these verbs conjugate similarly:
baciti, buditi (se), častiti, čistiti, dijeliti, dogoditi se, dolaziti, izlaziti, izvršiti, javiti (se), kasniti, kupiti, loviti, ljutiti (se), naljutiti (se), misliti, moliti, oblačiti (se), očistiti, odgovoriti, odlučiti, ostaviti, otvoriti, pamtiti, probuditi (se), počastiti, podijeliti, pomisliti, ponoviti, posjetiti, prevoditi, primijetiti, prolaziti, razmisliti, sjetiti se, skočiti, tražiti, trošiti, učiti, ulaziti, uloviti, vratiti (se), zaboraviti, zakasniti, zalaziti, zamoliti, zatvoriti, završiti, žuriti se ... and derived verbs
Exemplar: raditi Present: radim, radiš, radi, radimo, radite, rade
Past: radio, radila, radilo, radili, radile, radila
All of these verbs conjugate similarly:
baciti, buditi (se), častiti, čistiti, dijeliti, dogoditi se, dolaziti, izlaziti, izvršiti, javiti (se), kasniti, kupiti, loviti, ljutiti (se), naljutiti (se), misliti, moliti, oblačiti (se), očistiti, odgovoriti, odlučiti, ostaviti, otvoriti, pamtiti, probuditi (se), počastiti, podijeliti, pomisliti, ponoviti, posjetiti, prevoditi, primijetiti, prolaziti, razmisliti, sjetiti se, skočiti, tražiti, trošiti, učiti, ulaziti, uloviti, vratiti (se), zaboraviti, zakasniti, zalaziti, zamoliti, zatvoriti, završiti, žuriti se ... and derived verbs
4(b) -iti → -ijem
Exemplar: piti Present: pijem, piješ, pije, pijemo, pijete, piju
Past: pio, pila, pilo, pili, pile, pila
All of these verbs conjugate similarly:
dobiti, piti, kriti, liti, pokriti, popiti, sakriti, razviti (se), ubiti, umiti se, … and derived verbs.
Exemplar: piti Present: pijem, piješ, pije, pijemo, pijete, piju
Past: pio, pila, pilo, pili, pile, pila
All of these verbs conjugate similarly:
dobiti, piti, kriti, liti, pokriti, popiti, sakriti, razviti (se), ubiti, umiti se, … and derived verbs.
5 Infinitive ending -ĆI
5(a) -ći → -dem
Exemplar: ići Present: idem, ideš, ide, idemo, idete, idu
Past: išao, išla, išlo, išli, išle, išla
These verbs conjugate similarly:
ići, otići, ... and derived verbs.
Exemplar: ići Present: idem, ideš, ide, idemo, idete, idu
Past: išao, išla, išlo, išli, išle, išla
These verbs conjugate similarly:
ići, otići, ... and derived verbs.
5(b) -ći → -đem
Exemplar: doći Present: dođem, dođeš, dođe, dođemo, dođete, dođu
Past: došao, došla, došlo, došli, došle, došla
These verbs conjugate similarly:
doći, izići, naći, obići, otići, prići, prijeći, proći, sići, ući, .. and other derived verbs.
Exemplar: doći Present: dođem, dođeš, dođe, dođemo, dođete, dođu
Past: došao, došla, došlo, došli, došle, došla
These verbs conjugate similarly:
doći, izići, naći, obići, otići, prići, prijeći, proći, sići, ući, .. and other derived verbs.
5(c) -ći → -čem
Exemplar: peći Present: pečem, pečeš, peče, pečemo, pečete, peku
Past: pekao, pekla, peklo, pekli, pekle, pekla
These verbs conjugate similarly:
obući (se), peći, reći, svući (se), teći, tući, vući, ... and derived verbs.
Exemplar: peći Present: pečem, pečeš, peče, pečemo, pečete, peku
Past: pekao, pekla, peklo, pekli, pekle, pekla
These verbs conjugate similarly:
obući (se), peći, reći, svući (se), teći, tući, vući, ... and derived verbs.
5(d) -ći → -gnem
Exemplar: pomoći Present: pomognem, pomogneš, pomogne, pomognemo, pomognete, pomognu
Past: pomogao, pomogla, pomoglo, pomogli, pomogle, pomogla
These verbs conjugate similarly:
dići, leći, pomoći, steći, ... and derived verbs.
Exemplar: pomoći Present: pomognem, pomogneš, pomogne, pomognemo, pomognete, pomognu
Past: pomogao, pomogla, pomoglo, pomogli, pomogle, pomogla
These verbs conjugate similarly:
dići, leći, pomoći, steći, ... and derived verbs.
6 Infinitive ending -ETI, -JETI, and -IJETI
6(a) -eti → -nem
Exemplar: početi Present: počnem, počneš, počne, počnemo, počnete, počnu
Past: počeo, počela, počelo, počeli, počele, počela
Do you know any other verbs that conjugate similarly? I don’t.
Exemplar: početi Present: počnem, počneš, počne, počnemo, počnete, počnu
Past: počeo, počela, počelo, počeli, počele, počela
Do you know any other verbs that conjugate similarly? I don’t.
6(b) -eti → -mem
Exemplar: uzeti Present: uzmem, uzmeš, uzme, uzmemo, uzmete, uzmu
Past: uzeo, uzela, uzelo, uzeli, uzele, uzela
The only verbs that I know to conjugate similarly are those derived from uzeti, such as
obuzeti, oduzeti, poduzeti, preuzeti, and zauzeti.
Exemplar: uzeti Present: uzmem, uzmeš, uzme, uzmemo, uzmete, uzmu
Past: uzeo, uzela, uzelo, uzeli, uzele, uzela
The only verbs that I know to conjugate similarly are those derived from uzeti, such as
obuzeti, oduzeti, poduzeti, preuzeti, and zauzeti.
6(c) -jeti → -im
Exemplar: letjeti Present: letim, letiš, leti, letimo, letite, lete
Past: letio, letila, letilo, letili, letile, letila
These verbs conjugate similarly:
boljeti, doživjeti, gorjeti, grmjeti, ogladnjeti, ostarjeti, poletjeti, šutjeti, svidjeti se, trpjeti, vidjeti,
voljeti, zašutjeti, zavrtjeti (se), željeti, zavoljeti, zaželjeti, živjeti, ... and derived verbs.
Exemplar: letjeti Present: letim, letiš, leti, letimo, letite, lete
Past: letio, letila, letilo, letili, letile, letila
These verbs conjugate similarly:
boljeti, doživjeti, gorjeti, grmjeti, ogladnjeti, ostarjeti, poletjeti, šutjeti, svidjeti se, trpjeti, vidjeti,
voljeti, zašutjeti, zavrtjeti (se), željeti, zavoljeti, zaželjeti, živjeti, ... and derived verbs.
6(d) -jeti → -ijem
Exemplar: smjeti Present: smijem, smiješ, smije, smijemo, smijete, smiju
Past: smio, smjela, smjelo, smjeli, smjele, smjela
These verbs conjugate similarly:
smjeti, razumjeti, sporazumjeti se, umjeti, and derived verbs.
Exemplar: smjeti Present: smijem, smiješ, smije, smijemo, smijete, smiju
Past: smio, smjela, smjelo, smjeli, smjele, smjela
These verbs conjugate similarly:
smjeti, razumjeti, sporazumjeti se, umjeti, and derived verbs.
6(e) -ijeti → -esem
Exemplar: donijeti Present: donesem, doneseš, donese, donesemo, donesete, donesu
Past: donio, donijela, donijelo, donijeli, donijele, donijela
These verbs conjugate similarly:
donijeti, odnijeti, ponijeti, ... and other derived verbs.
Exemplar: donijeti Present: donesem, doneseš, donese, donesemo, donesete, donesu
Past: donio, donijela, donijelo, donijeli, donijele, donijela
These verbs conjugate similarly:
donijeti, odnijeti, ponijeti, ... and other derived verbs.
7 Infinitive ending -STI
7(a) -sti → to -dem
Exemplar: jesti Present: jedem, jedeš, jede, jedemo, jedete, jedu
Past: jeo, jela, jelo, jeli, jele, jela
These verbs conjugate similarly:
dovesti, izvesti, jesti, krasti, odvesti, pojesti, prevesti, provesti, ... and derived verbs
Exemplar: jesti Present: jedem, jedeš, jede, jedemo, jedete, jedu
Past: jeo, jela, jelo, jeli, jele, jela
These verbs conjugate similarly:
dovesti, izvesti, jesti, krasti, odvesti, pojesti, prevesti, provesti, ... and derived verbs
7(b) -sti → -dnem
Exemplar: sjesti Present: sjednem, sjedneš, sjedne, sjednemo sjednete, sjednu
Past: sjeo, sjela, sjelo, sjeli, sjele, sjela
These verbs conjugate similarly:
dopasti se, pasti, propasti, sjesti, upasti,... and derived verbs
Exemplar: sjesti Present: sjednem, sjedneš, sjedne, sjednemo sjednete, sjednu
Past: sjeo, sjela, sjelo, sjeli, sjele, sjela
These verbs conjugate similarly:
dopasti se, pasti, propasti, sjesti, upasti,... and derived verbs
7(c) -sti → -tnem
Exemplar: sresti Present: sretnem, sretneš, sretne, sretnemo, sretnete, sretnu
Past: sreo, srela, srelo, sreli, srele, srela
These verbs conjugate similarly:
sresti (se), susresti (se), presresti, ... and other derived verbs
Exemplar: sresti Present: sretnem, sretneš, sretne, sretnemo, sretnete, sretnu
Past: sreo, srela, srelo, sreli, srele, srela
These verbs conjugate similarly:
sresti (se), susresti (se), presresti, ... and other derived verbs
7(d) -sti → -zem
Exemplar: gristi Present: grizem, grizeš, grize, grizemo, grizete, grizu
Past: grizao, grizala, grizalo, grizali, grizale, grizala
These verbs conjugate similarly:
gristi, dovesti (to drive), odvesti (to drive), povesti, ... and other derived verbs
Exemplar: gristi Present: grizem, grizeš, grize, grizemo, grizete, grizu
Past: grizao, grizala, grizalo, grizali, grizale, grizala
These verbs conjugate similarly:
gristi, dovesti (to drive), odvesti (to drive), povesti, ... and other derived verbs
8 Infinitive ending -UTI, -NUTI
8(a) -uti → -jem
Exemplar: čuti Present: čujem, čuješ, čuje, čujemo, čujete, čuju
Past: čuo, čula, čulo, čuli, čule, čula
I don’t know any other verbs that conjugate like this.
Exemplar: čuti Present: čujem, čuješ, čuje, čujemo, čujete, čuju
Past: čuo, čula, čulo, čuli, čule, čula
I don’t know any other verbs that conjugate like this.
8(b) -nuti → -nem (or -uti → -em)
Exemplar: tonuti Present: tonem, toneš, tone, tonemo, tonete, tonu
Past: tonuo, tonula, tonulo, tonuli, tonule, tonula
These verbs conjugate similarly:
dignuti, ginuti, krenuti, mahnuti, maknuti (se), naviknuti se, okrenuti (se), opomenuti, osvrnuti se,
poginuti, pomaknuti (se), potonuti, puhnuti, puknuti, skinuti (se), spomenuti, stisnuti, taknuti, tonuti,
umetnuti, viknuti, and derived verbs
Exemplar: tonuti Present: tonem, toneš, tone, tonemo, tonete, tonu
Past: tonuo, tonula, tonulo, tonuli, tonule, tonula
These verbs conjugate similarly:
dignuti, ginuti, krenuti, mahnuti, maknuti (se), naviknuti se, okrenuti (se), opomenuti, osvrnuti se,
poginuti, pomaknuti (se), potonuti, puhnuti, puknuti, skinuti (se), spomenuti, stisnuti, taknuti, tonuti,
umetnuti, viknuti, and derived verbs
AND THAT IS ALL!
Is it any wonder that progress is slow for those of us learning Croatian? We can't hope to learn these by heart - it is just a matter of a gradual creep by familiarisation and usage.
The value of the above exercise for me was to realise the range of conjugation types. That saved me from being frustrated at being wrong (again) when I thought that there were just a few different types.
Good conjugating ......
The value of the above exercise for me was to realise the range of conjugation types. That saved me from being frustrated at being wrong (again) when I thought that there were just a few different types.
Good conjugating ......